Key notes
- Vitalik Buterin introduced GKR to enhance rapid proof systems.
- The founder of Ethereum emphasized that GKR is not zero knowledge.
- Buterin criticized the AI industry’s focus on “effective” models.
Ethereum co-founder Vitalik Buterin introduced the GKR protocol, which includes innovations that facilitate very fast proof systems. He described these solutions as a set of protocols behind the extreme speed of many proof-of-play systems. Buterin focused on demonstrating the implementation of GKR to prove Poseidon hashes.
GKR is not zero knowledge
Buterin He started his post By recognizing the presence of ZK ultra-fast stabilizers. These are ZK-EVM proof tools that expose Ethereum Layer-1 in real time and do so using just 50 consumer GPUs.
“People have demonstrated 2 million Poseidon hashes per second on consumer laptops, and zk-ML systems have demonstrated LLM inference at increased speed,” Buterin noted.
This is where the GKR protocol comes into play. It is a strength for these provers. This solution is designed to enable fast ZK-EVM and zk-ML proofs. It is also optimized for low-level layered computation and many recurrent function applications, including hashing and neural networks.
Ethereum co-founder Vitalik Buterin introduced the GKR protocol, a set of protocols that enables very fast proof systems. GKR is an essential protocol for fast ZK-EVM and zk-ML proofs, optimized for multi-layer low-level computation and many repetitive function applications…
— Wu Blockchain (@WuBlockchain) October 20, 2025
All it takes is a commitment to inputs and outputs, not the middle classes. In the long run, it ends up improving efficiency dramatically. By “commits,” Buterin was referring to putting data into an encrypted data structure. This can be achieved through either KZG or a Merkle tree, as long as it allows the user to substantiate queries about specific things about that data.
Users should be careful not to confuse GKR with a zero-knowledge protocol, since it deals with conciseness, not privacy. However, zero knowledge can still be achieved using GKR, as all that needs to be done is to encapsulate the directory in ZK-SNARK or ZK-STARK.
Ethereum co-founder criticizes Agentic AI
Among the many protocols Buterin has discussed recently are artificial intelligence (AI) models. Two months ago, he criticized the AI industry for focusing too heavily on “effective” models. In his opinion, there are too many autonomous systems, and that’s not good.
He noted that systems that allow more human input produce better and safer outcomes, in line with previous comments by former Tesla AI director Andrej Karpathy. The Ethereum co-founder is clearly more enthusiastic about open-weight AI models, which he claims have powerful editing capabilities.
In September, he also stressed that there was a significant risk associated with over-reliance on artificial intelligence in governance.
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Benjamin Godfrey is a blockchain enthusiast and journalist who enjoys writing about real-life applications of blockchain technology and innovations to drive public acceptance and global integration of emerging technology. His desire to educate people about cryptocurrencies inspires his contributions to popular blockchain media and websites.
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